You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. If your kidney has been very damaged by stones, it may need to be removed. The surgeon will make a larger incision in your abdomen or side and remove the stones from your kidney. If PNL and SWL aren’t options, your doctor might recommend that you have open surgery to remove the stones. If your stones are very large or you have a lot of them, you might need to have this procedure more than once. After this treatment, the pieces of stone will pass through your urinary tract and come out in your urine. SWL uses intense shock waves directed from a machine outside your body to break up the stones into tiny pieces. You may have to stay in the hospital for a couple of days afterward. Then the stone is removed through the incision. The surgeon makes a small incision in your back and inserts a scope and several small instruments. PNL is the preferred treatment for people with stones that are too large to be broken up by SWL. Doctors treat these stones with shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). ![]() It’s important to treat struvite stones because if they grow large enough, they can damage your kidney and lead to life-threatening infections. This test uses X-rays and a special dye to look for problems with your kidneys, ureters, and bladder. A powerful magnetic field and radio waves make detailed pictures of your urinary tract. This test takes X-ray images from many different angles to produce detailed pictures of your urinary tract. Radiation creates a picture of your kidneys and other organs in your urinary tract. Then a laboratory checks the culture for stone-forming substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. ![]() For this test, you collect all of your urine in a 24-hour period. The doctor might perform a culture on that sample to see if your urine contains bacteria. A urinalysis checks a sample of your urine to diagnose a urinary tract infection. Your doctor might collect a blood sample to check levels of waste products like calcium and uric acid that can form into stones. This article briefly discusses the pathophysiology of staghorn calculi and, based on the panel's recommendations, examines the alternative medical treatments (eg, chemolysis) and surgical treatments (eg, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), open surgery, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)) available for staghorn patients.Your doctor will do one or more of the following tests to help diagnose the cause of your symptoms, and find out if you have struvite stones: ![]() Recently, the American Urological Association (AUA) Nephrolithiasis Guidelines Panel conducted a critical meta-analysis of the existing literature to determine the optimal management for staghorn calculi. ![]() If left untreated, staghorn calculi may lead to deterioration of renal function, end-stage renal disease, and life-threatening urosepsis. Stories composed of uric acid or cystine may also grow in a staghorn configuration, but this only rarely occurs with calcium oxalate or phosphate stories. These stones are also referred to as infection stones because of their strong association with urinary tract infection caused by urea-splitting organisms. While "stahorn" describes configuration rather than composition, most staghorn stones consist of pure magnesium ammonum phosphate (struvite) or a mixture of struvite and calcium carbonate apatite. Staghorn calculi are large, branched stones that fill all or part of the renal pelvis and extend into the majority of the renal calices.
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